Smart utilities, digital twins, and high-speed connectivity are reshaping how industrial parks are designed and operated. Proponents argue these technologies can improve efficiency, lower emissions, and strengthen manufacturing performance. The question is whether these benefits are being realised at scale, or whether investment is outpacing commercial returns.

• Do smart utilities and digital twins deliver measurable productivity gains, or promise efficiency that fails against complexity and integration costs?
• Can renewable integration genuinely reduce operational costs, or simply shift complexity to grid management and infrastructure burden? Do NEOM Oxagon and SABIC models demonstrate sustainable advantage, or showcase best-case scenarios requiring continuous policy support?